Group C-5 化学構造 (Chemical Structure)  

● Carthamus Red ベニバナ赤色素       
   CAS: 769174-07-4 Food/Dye  MW:
DNA Rec-assay Max (?) 1)
AM Sal. Max (?) 2)
CA CHL/IU Min ( 5.5 mg/ml, +S9), 6-18h: D20= 2.4; TR= 7.6
3)
1)  Kada T., et al. (?)
2)  Hachiya N., et al. (?)
3)  Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998) (Tables in English)

● Carthamus Yellow
ベニバナ黄色素       
   1401-20-3  Food/Dye 
REC B. subtilis Max ( 30 μg/plate) 1)
AM Sal./ E.coli Max ( 200 mg/plate, ±S9) 2)
CA CHL/IU Max ( .5 mg/ml,±S9)
3)
MN Mice Max (?) 4)
1) Hachiya N., et al., Toxicol. Forum, 8, 91-105 (1985) (Tables in English)
2)
Fujita H., et al., Ann. Rep. Tokyo Metr. Res. Lab., P.H., 49, 292-296 (1998) (in Japanese)
3) Ishidate MJr., et al., Mutagen & Toxicol., Vol. 12, 82-90 (1980) (in Japanese)
4) Sofuni T., et al., Mutagenicity Test, 2, 19-28 (1993) (in Japanese)

Carunauba wax (Brazil wax) カルナバロウ        
   8015-86-9  Food/Natural
DNA Rec-assay Max ( 1.2 mg/disk) 1)
AM Sal Max ( 5 mg/plate, ±S9) 1)
CA CHL/IU Max ( 0.03 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h:; (No data for +S9)
2)
1) Ishidate MJr., et al., Toxicol. Forum., 9, 628-633 (1986) (in Japanese)
2)
Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998)  (Tables in English)

● Catechin
(カテキン
   154-23-4 Food   290.27
AM Sal. Min (?) 1)
CA CHL/IU Min( 0.05 mg/ml, -S9), 24h:; D20= 0.14; TR= 260
2)
MNv Mice Max (?) 3)
1) (?)
2)
Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998)
3) (?)

● Catechol (カテコール)  
    120-80-9  Industrial use/Antioxidant   110.11
AM Sal. Max (?)
1)
CA Allium cepa,
(タマネギ)
Min (?)
2)
MN CHL/IU Min ( 3.0 mg/ml, -S9) ○w 3)
1) Haworth S., et al.: Environ. Mutagen., 5 (Suppl. 1) 3-141 (1983)
2) Dean BJ., et al., Mutation Res., 47, 75-97 (1978)
3) Sofuni T., et al., Collaborative Studies on MN tests In Vitro, JETOC (July, 1999) (in Japanese)

  US-NTP Genotoxicity Screening:
  ○ Ames Test: 


  IARC Carcinogenicity Criteria:
   Group 3
(Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans)

Cellulase セルラーゼ
   9012-54-8  Food/Natural               
AM Sal. Max ( 50 mg/plate, ±S9)
1)
CA CHL/IU Min ( 3.0 mg/ml, -S9), 24h: D20= 3.0; TR= 5.0
○w
2)
1) Ishidate MJr. (Ed.): Data Book of Mutagenicity Tests on  Chemicals in Bacteria, LIC/Tokyo (1991)  (Tables in English)
2)
Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998)  (Tables in English)

● Chitosan チトサン  
   9012-76-4  Food             
CA CHL/IU Max ( 5.0 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h
1)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998) (Tables in English)

Chloral hydrate 
   
302-17-0  Industry 165.40

【Note】 (Cited from CICADS Documents, 25, 2000)
    There is an extensive database on the genotoxicity of chloral hydrate and its metabolites. A complete summary of these results is provided in US EPA (2000). Chloral hydrate did not induce mutation in most strains of Salmonella typhimurium, but did in some studies with S. typhimurium TA100 and in a single study with S. typhimurium TA104. The latter response was inhibited by free-radical scavengers alpha-tocopherol and menadione (Ni et al., 1994). Chloral hydrate did not induce mitotic crossing-over in Aspergillus nidulans in the absence of metabolic activation. Chloral hydrate caused weak induction of meiotic recombination in the presence of metabolic activation and gene conversion in the absence of metabolic activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It did not induce reverse mutation in S. cerevisiae. Chloral hydrate clearly induced aneuploidy in various fungi in the absence of metabolic activation.
     Chloral hydrate induced somatic and germ cell mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Chloral hydrate did not produce DNA-protein cross-links in rat liver nuclei, DNA single-strand breaks/alkaline-labile sites in primary hepatocytes in vitro, or DNA repair in Escherichia coli. One study showed induction of single-strand breaks in liver DNA of both rats and mice treated in vivo; another study in both species using higher concentrations of chloral hydrate found no such effect. Chloral hydrate was weakly mutagenic, but did not induce micronuclei in mouse lymphoma cells in vitro. Chloral hydrate increased the frequency of micronuclei in Chinese hamster cell lines. Although a single study suggested that chloral hydrate induces chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster CHED cells in vitro, the micronuclei produced probably contained whole chromosomes and not chromosome fragments, as the micronuclei could all be labelled with antikinetochore antibodies. In kangaroo rat kidney epithelial cells, chloral hydrate inhibited spindle elongation and broke down mitotic microtubuli, although it did not inhibit pole-to-pole movement of chromosomes. It produced multipolar spindles, chromosomal dislocation from the mitotic spindle, and a total lack of mitotic spindles in Chinese hamster DON:Wg.3h cells.
     Chloral hydrate weakly induced sister chromatid exchange in cultures of human lymphocytes. It induced micronuclei, aneuploidy, C-mitosis, and polyploidy in human lymphocytes in vitro. Micronuclei were induced in studies with human whole blood cultures but not in one study with isolated lymphocytes. The differences seen in the micronucleus test have been attributed to differences between whole blood and purified lymphocyte cultures (Vian et al., 1995), but this hypothesis has not been tested. Chloral hydrate increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow, spermatogonia, and primary and secondary spermatocytes, but not in oocytes, after in vivo treatment. Chloral hydrate induced chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes after treatment in vivo. In one of these studies, the use of antikinetochore antibodies suggested induction of micronuclei containing both whole chromosomes and fragments. Chloral hydrate induced micronuclei in the spermatids of mice treated in vivo in some studies.
   Chloral hydrate induced aneuploidy in the bone marrow of mice treated in vivo. It increased the rate of aneuploidy in mouse secondary spermatocytes. It did not produce polyploidy in bone marrow, oocytes, or gonosomal or autosomal univalents in primary spermatocytes of mice treated in vivo. Chloral hydrate, however, induced polyploidy and meiotic delay when a synchronized population of mouse oocytes was exposed in vitro prior to the resumption of maturation.
   Trichloroethanol, a reduction product of chloral hydrate, did not induce lambda prophage in E. coli or mutation in S. typhimurium TA100. Trichloroethanol caused spindle aberrations when mouse oocytes were treated in vitro. Trichloroacetic acid did not induce lambda prophage in E. coli and was not mutagenic to S. typhimurium in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. Trichloroacetic acid was weakly positive in the mouse lymphoma assay with metabolic activation. Trichloroacetic acid also did not induce chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes or micronuclei in bone marrow in vitro. It is unclear whether trichloroacetic acid can induce chromosomal damage in vivo, because some studies have been positive and others negative. Dichloroacetic acid did not induce differential toxicity in DNA repair-deficient strains of S. typhimurium but did induce lambda prophage in E. coli. Dichloroacetic acid gave equivocal results for gene mutation in S. typhimurium TA100 and TA98. Dichloroacetic acid was weakly mutagenic in the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay and induced chromosomal aberrations but not micronuclei or aneuploidy in that test system. Dichloroacetic acid induced micronuclei in mouse polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo and mutations at the lacI locus in the transgenic B6C3F1 mouse (the Big Blue Mouse) in vivo at an exposure that induces liver tumours in male mice. It is unclear whether dichloroacetic acid can induce primary DNA damage, as some assays are positive and others negative.

References
・US EPA (2000) Toxicological review on chloral hydrate. Available from US Environmental Protection Agency's Risk Assessment Hotline [513-569-7254 (phone), 513-569-7159 (fax), rih.iris@epa.gov (e-mail address), or www.epa.gov/iris (Website)].
・Ni Y-C, Wong T-Y, Kadlubar FF, Fu PP (1994) Hepatic metabolism of chloral hydrate to free-radical(s) and induction of lipid peroxidation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 204: 937-943.
・Vian L, Van Hummelen P, Bichet N, Gouy D, Kirsch-Volders M (1995) Evaluation of hydroquinone and chloral hydrate on the in vitro micronucleus test on isolated lymphocytes. Mutation research, 334: 1-7.

● Chlordane クロルダン 
   
57-74-9  Pesticide/Insecticide  409.80
     (α-Chlordane CAS: 5103-71-9)               
     (γ-Chlordane CAS: 5566-34-7)
CA CHL/IU Max (α-Chlordane): (0.05 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h
1)
UDS Human Fb Min ( 1 μM, -S9)
2)
DLv Mice Max (100 mg/kg, ip & po) 
3)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998)  (Tables in English)
2) Ahmed FE., et al.: Mutation Res., 42, 161-174(1977) 
3) Arnold DW., et al.: J. Toxicol. Env. Health, 2, 547-555 (1977)

  US-NTP Genotoxicity Screening:
 ○ Ames Test (Analytical grade) : 

○ Ames Test (Technical grade) : 
MLA Test (Technical grade): 
CA Test with CHO Cells (Analytical grade): 
SCE Test with CHO Cells (Analytical grade):

 IARC Carcinogenicity Criteria:
  Group 3
(Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans)

【Note】(Cited from IARC Monograph, Suppl., 6, 1987)
  No data were available on the genetic and related effects of chlordane in humans.
  This agent did not induce DL mutations in mice, it induced SCEs in intestinal cells of fish treated in vivo (Vigfusson, Vyse, Pernsteiner, 61, 1983). It was not mutagenic to cultured human fibroblasts , and studies on DNA damage in transformed human cells yielded conflicting results. It did not induce UDS in cultured rodent hepatocytes; it was mutagenic to V79 cells but not to rat liver cells. Evidence of inhibition of intercellular communication was obtained in rodent cell systems. It was mutagenic to bacteria and did not induce breakage of plasmid DNA. (IARC Monograph, Suppl., 20, 45)
        α-Chlordane α-クロルダン)
           5103-71-9  Industry  409.78
CA CHL/IU Max ( 0.05 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h
1)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998) (Tables in English)

γ-Chlordane (γ-クロルダン)
   
5566-34-7  Industry  409.78
CA CHL/IU Max ( 0.05 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h
1)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998)  (Tables in English)

● Chlordiazepoxide (クロルジアゼポキシド  
   58-25-3  Medicine   299.76         
CA CHL/IU Max ( 0.50 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h
1
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test i In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998) (Tables in English)

Top Page (トップページ)
Abbreviation  (省略記号) 
Mutagenicity (変異原性)
Test Systems (試験法の種類)
Technical Problems (技術的問題点)
List of Compounds(化合物リスト)
Evaluation of Results (試験結果の評価)