Group C-6 ‰»Šw\‘’@(Chemical Structure)  
œ Chlorella pigment @iƒNƒƒŒƒ‰F‘fj @@
@@ CAS: @Food/Natural dye@ MW:
CA CHL/IU Max( 4.0 mg/ml, -S9), 24h
’
1)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998j  (Tables in English)

œ Chlorfluazuron
@
iƒAƒ^ƒvƒƒ“j@
@@ @71422-67-8 @@Pesticide@@ 540.66

REC B. subtilis Max( 5 mg/disk)
 
1)
AM Sal./E. coli Max( 5 mg/plate, }S9)
 
1)
CA CHL/IU Max( 3.3 x 10-6M, }S9)
 
1)
1) Ishihara Sangyo Co. Ltd., J. Pesticide Science, 20, 225-228 (1995)

œ Chloridazon iƒsƒ‰ƒ~ƒ“;@ƒAƒŠƒZƒbƒv;@ƒŒƒiƒpƒbƒNj
@@ @ 1698-60-8@@Pesticide@@ 221.6
REC B. subtilis Max( 2 mg/disk)
 
1)
AM Sal./E. coli Max( 1-3 mg/ml, }S9)
 
1)
CA Human LY Max( 5.0 ƒΚg/ml, }S9)
 
1)
1) BASF Japan: J. Pesticide Science, 17, S171-S176 (1992)

œ Chlorinated camphene@
iƒgƒLƒTƒtƒFƒ“j (Toxaphene)
@@@
@@@ 8001-35-2@Insecticide@@ 414 (average)
AM Sal./E. coli Min(?)
›
1)
DLv Mice Max (?)
 
2)
1) Hooper NK., et al.: Science, 205, 591-593 (1979)
2) Epstein SS., et al. :Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 23, 288-325 (1972)

  US-NTP Genotoxicity ScreeningF
 › Ames Test: @›

 IARC Carcinogenicity CriteriaF
  Group 2B
(Possibly carcinogenic to humans)

œ Chlorinated
naphthalenes (polychlorinated naphthalenes, or PCNs)
   
 Industry   C10H8anCln, where n = 1-8.

yNotez@(Cited from CICADs Documents, 34, 2001)

   1,2,3,4-Tetrachloronaphthalene was not mutagenic in the Ames test with or without metabolic (S-9) activation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 at concentrations of 100-10 000 ƒΚg/plate; toxic effects were not reported (Haworth et al., 1983). There was also no mutagenic activity of 1-monochloronaphthalene in the Ames test with or without metabolic (S-9) activation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 ƒΚg/plate. 1-Monochloronaphthalene exerted a toxic effect in strain TA100 at a concentration of 100 ƒΚg/plate and in both strains tested at a concentration of 1000 ƒΚg/plate (Lofroth et al., 1985).
   There are no data available for any other PCNs or from any other in vitro or in vivo test system on genotoxicity or related end-points.

References
EHaworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K, Speck W, Zeiger E (1983) Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environmental mutagenesis, Supplement 1: 3-142.
ELofroth G, Nilsson L, Agurell E, Sugiyama T (1985) Salmonella/ microsome mutagenicity of monochloro derivatives of some di- and tri- and tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mutation research, 155: 91-94.


œ Chlorine dioxide
, 4% solution@iƒNƒƒŠƒ“ƒWƒIƒLƒTƒCƒh 4%—n‰t) (ClO2)@
@@ 10049-04-4@ Industrial /Food@@@ 67.46
AM Sal./E. coli Min (?)
›
1)
COM Hum. Ly. Min (0.2 ppm) ›w 4)
CA CHL/IU (4% Aqueous solution): Min ( 0.1 mg/ml, -S9), 24-48h
 
2)
MNv Mice/ddY Min ( 12.5 mg/kg, ip) 18h
›
3)
1) Smith RP. & Willhite CC.: Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 11, 42-62 (1990)
2)
Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosomal Aberration Test In Vitro,, LIC, Tokyo (1998j  (Tables in English)
3) Hayashi M., et al., Food Chem. Toxic., 26, 487-500 (1988)
4) Buschini. A. et. al., Mutagenesis, 19, 157-162 (2004)

yNotez@Cited from CICADs Documents, 37, 2002)

Studies in bacteria

    In a modified Ames test, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/litre of an aqueous extract from chlorine dioxide gas sterilization of a medical device was tested against Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 only, with and without S9 (Jeng & Woodworth, 1990). A negative result was obtained, although there are considerable doubts about whether or not the extract tested contained any chlorine dioxide.
   The same authors (Jeng & Woodworth, 1990) performed another Ames test again using only TA1535 apparently against 10, 100, and 1000 mg chlorine dioxide gas/litre with and without metabolic activation. No further details of the techniques used were reported, and, although a negative result was claimed, no details were recorded.

In vitro studies in mammalian systems

   In an unpublished but well conducted in vitro cytogenetics assay, Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 30, or 60 ƒΚg 0.2% chlorine dioxide/ml in phosphate-buffered saline solution in the absence of metabolic activation and 0, 6, 13, 25, 50, or 75 ƒΚg/ml in the presence of metabolic activation (Ivett & Myhr, 1986). Cell toxicity was observed at 60 ƒΚg/ml (-S9), and there was an absence of mitotic cells at 30 ƒΚg/ml. At 2.5-15 ƒΚg/ml, there was a marked dose-related, statistically significant increase in the number of metaphases with chromosome aberrations. In the presence of metabolic activation, cell toxicity and an absence of mitotic cells were observed at 75 ƒΚg/ml. A statistically significant increase in the number of metaphases with chromosome aberrations was noted at 50 ƒΚg/ml.
   In a mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay using the L5178Y TK+/? system, cells were treated with 0-65 ƒΚg chlorine dioxide/ml in phosphate-buffered saline in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (Cifone & Myhr, 1986). In the absence of metabolic activation, marked toxicity was observed at the highest concentration used, 37 ƒΚg/ml. The relative growth (compared with control cultures) at the next two concentrations (15 and 24 ƒΚg/ml) was 13?18%. There was a dose-related increase in mutant frequency. Similarly, in the presence of metabolic activation, marked toxicity was observed at the highest concentration, 65 ƒΚg/ml, and there was also a dose-related increase in mutant frequency, indicating positive results both with and without metabolic activation in this test system.
   An unpublished in vitro cell transformation assay is available in which BALB/3T3 cells were administered 0?6 ƒΚg aqueous chlorine dioxide/ml (Rundell & Myhr, 1986). The frequency of transformed foci was within the range of spontaneous transformations observed in historical controls, indicating a negative result.

In vivo studies in mammalian systems

   In a bone marrow cytogenetics assay, groups of five male and five female CD-1 mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of approximately 0, 2, 5, or 15 mg aqueous chlorine dioxide/kg body weight (Ivett & Myhr, 1984a). Bone marrow cells were analysed for chromosome aberrations at 6, 24, and 48 h. There were no clear effects on the mitotic index, but two males receiving approximately 15 mg chlorine dioxide/kg body weight died, and other signs of toxicity (poor grooming) were also observed at the highest dose level. There were no increases in the frequency of chromosome aberrations among treated animals at any of the sacrifice times when compared with controls.
   Groups of five male and five female CD-1 mice received five daily oral gavage doses of approximately 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg aqueous chlorine dioxide/kg body weight (Meier et al., 1985). Animals were killed 6 h after the last administration, and 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes from the bone marrow of each animal were analysed for micronucleus formation. In addition, groups of four male and four female CD-1 mice were used for analysis of chromosome aberrations from bone marrow samples. Animals were exposed to the same doses as above, either as a single administration or using a repeated-exposure regime. Following single exposure, animals were killed at 6, 24, and 48 h post-administration and 50 metaphase cells taken from the bone marrow of each animal for analysis of chromosome aberrations. A negative result was obtained for micronucleus formation, and there were no increases in the number of structural or numerical chromosome aberrations (including an assessment of hyperploidy and polyploidy). Apparently, there were no overt signs of general toxicity.
   Groups of five male ICR mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of approximately 0, 9, 21, 28, or 39 mg aqueous chlorine dioxide/kg body weight (Ivett & Myhr, 1984b). Following subcutaneous implantation of bromodeoxyuridine and 26 h after chlorine dioxide administration, approximately 25 bone marrow metaphase cells from each animal were assessed for sister chromatid exchange. Shortly after administration of aqueous chlorine dioxide, all animals showed hyperactive behaviour. There were no significant increases in sister chromatid exchange among any of the chlorine dioxide-treated groups.

Studies in germ cells

   The only study available (an unpublished dominant lethal assay in rats; Moore & Myhr, 1984) employed the intraperitoneal route of administration using up to 20 mg aqueous chlorine dioxide/kg body weight. This study did not show any mutagenic effects on male germ cells, and the result does provide some reassurance, in that even at levels affecting fertility and producing mortality, no evidence of mutagenic activity is seen. However, in addition, the results of in vivo mutagenicity studies conducted using this exposure route showed no evidence for effects in the bone marrow; hence, effects in the germ cells would not be expected.

Other studies

   Positive results for chlorine dioxide were claimed in various test systems (e.g., Ames test, in vitro cytogenetics, in vivo bone marrow micronucleus, in vivo chromosome aberrations). However, in general, the conduct of these tests was poorly described, and it has subsequently emerged that aqueous sodium chlorite solutions were tested rather than chlorine dioxide (Ishidate et al., 1984; Hayashi et al., 1988; Fujie & Aoki, 1989).

References
EJeng D, Woodworth A (1990a) Chlorine dioxide gas sterilisation of oxygenators in an industrial scale sterilizer: a successful model. Artificial organs, 14(5): 361-368.
EIvett J, Myhr B (1984) Mutagenicity evaluation of chlorine dioxide in the mouse bone marrow cytogenetic assay. Kensington, MD, Litton Bionetics Inc. (Report No. 22202).
EIvett J, Myhr B (1984b) Mutagenicity evaluation of chlorine dioxide in the sister chromatid exchange assay in vivo in the bone marrow. Kensington, MD, Litton Bionetics Inc. (Report No. 22204).
EIvett J, Myhr B (1986) Mutagenicity evaluation of chlorine dioxide in an in vitro cytogenetic assay. Kensington, MD, Litton Bionetics Inc. (Report No. 20990
ECifone M, Myhr B (1986) Mutagenicity evaluation of chlorine dioxide in the mouse lymphoma forward mutationassay. Kensington, MD, Litton Bionetics Inc. (Report No. 20989).
ERundell J, Myhr B (1986) Evaluation of chlorine dioxide in the in vitro cell transformation of BALB/3T3 cells. Kensington, MD, Litton Bionetics Inc. (Report No. 20992).
EMeier J, Bull R, Stober J, Cimino M (1985) Evaluation of chemicals used for drinking water disinfection for production of chromosomal damage and sperm-head abnormalities in mice. Environmental mutagenesis, 7: 201-211
.EMoore M, Myhr B (1984) Evaluation of chlorine dioxide in the mouse dominant lethal assay. Kensington, MD, Litton Bionetics Inc. (Report No. 22203).

EIshidate M Jr, Sofuni T, Yoshikawa K, Hayashi M, Nohmi T, Sawada M, Matsuoka A (1984) Primary mutagenicity screening of food additives currently used in Japan. Food and chemical toxicology, 22(8) :623-636.
EHayashi M, Kishi M, Sofuni T, Ishidate M Jr (1988) Micronucleus tests in mice on 39 food additives and 8 miscellaneous chemicals. Food and chemical toxicology, 26(6): 487-500.;
EFujie K, Aoki T (1989) Acute cytogenetic effects of alternative disinfectants on rat bone marrow cells in vivo. Mutation research, 216(6): 359
.


œ Chlornaphazine
@@ 494-03-1@ Industrial /Food@@@ 268.19
CA CHL/IU Min (0.005 mg/ml, -S9); D20= 0.0032mg/ml; TR= 8400

1)
1) Sofuni T. (Ed.): Data Book of Chromosome Aberration Test in vitro, LIC, Tokyo (1998j  (Tables in English)

œ Chloroacetaldehyde iƒNƒƒƒAƒZƒgƒAƒ‹ƒfƒqƒhj@@
@@@@ 107-20-0@(Industrial use/ Fungicide)@@ 78.50
AM Sal./E. coli Min (?)
›
1)
MB A. nidulans
(ƒRƒEƒWƒJƒrj
Min (?)
›
2)
MB S. coelicolor
(
•ϊό‹Ϋj
Min (?)
›
2)
MB CHL/IU Min (0.8 ƒΚg/ml, -S9), 24h; Poly also; D20= 0.00033  5)
DNA Sal./Repair (hisG/TS24); Min ( 1.2 mg)
›
3)
SM V79 Min( 6.4 ƒΚM)
›
4)
‚PjMcCann J., et al. : Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. (USA), 72, 5135-5139 (1975)
2) Bignami M., et al: Chem. Biol. Interact., 30, 9-23 (1980)
3) Waskell L.: Mutation Res., 57, 141 (1978)
4) Kelly-Garvert F. & Legator MS.: Mutation Res., 21, 101-105 (1973)
5) Ministry of Labour, Japan: Mutagen. Test Data of Exist. Chem. Sub.; JETOC (1996)  (Tables in English)

œ
@Chloroacetic acid @iƒNƒƒ|Ž_; ƒNƒƒƒGƒ^ƒ“Ž_Gƒ‚ƒmƒNƒƒ|Ž_jj

@ @@ 79-11-8@Industry @ 94.5
AM Sal. Max (5.0 mg/plate, }‚r‚Xj
 
1)
AM E. coli Max (?)   2, 3)
SCE CHO Min (?), -S9 › 2, 3)
MLA L5178Y Min (?), -S9 › 2, 3, 4)
SM V79 Max (?), -S9   2, 3)
DNA E. coli Max (?),}‚r‚X   3)
CAv Mice Min (?), ip › 2, 3, 4)
SLRLv Drosophila Min ( 900 ppm) › 2, 3)
1)Ministry of Labour, Japan: Mutagen. Test Data of Exist. Chem. Sub.; JETOC (1996)  (Tables in English)
2) IUCLID (International Uniform Chemical Information Data Base), Data Sheet.,  EU (1995)
3) BUA Rep., 127 (1993)
4) Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDS), U.S. Natl Library Medicine (1996)

œ@Chloroacetone@iƒNƒƒƒAƒZƒgƒ“j

@ @@ 78-95-5@Industry/Fungicide @ 92.53
AM Sal. Max (?)@
 
1)
SLRL Drosophila (ih)Min (?)
›
2)
‚Pj Sargent@EV., et al.: Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 47, 375 (1986)
2) Auerbach C., et al.: Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 62B, 284 (1947)

œ
ƒΏ-Chloroacetophenone @iƒΏ-ƒNƒƒƒAƒZƒgƒtƒFƒmƒ“j
@@@
523-27-4@Lactimating agent@@ 154.59
AM Sal Max (?)
 
1)
SCE CHO Max (?)
 
2)
CA CHO Min (?), -S9
›
2)
1) Zeiger E., et al.: Environ. Mutagen. 9 (Suppl.9)1-110 (1987)@
2) NTP: Technical Report No. 379. NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC (1990)

  US-NTP Genotoxicity ScreeningF
  › Ames Test (}S9):
@ 
 › CA Test with CHO Cells:@›‚—
  › SCE Test with CHO Cells: @
 

œ Chloroacetyl chloride@
iƒNƒƒƒAƒZƒ`ƒ‹ƒNƒƒ‰ƒCƒh) (CAC)
@@@ 79-04-9@Industry/Intermediate@ 112.95
AM Sal. Max (?)@}S9
 
1)
CA/SCE CHL/IU Max ( 0.5 mg/ml, }S9), 6-18h
 
2)
UDSv Rat/Hepatocytes Min (4 g/kg, po, 17h):
›
1)
‚Pj Simmon@VF.: Interium Report, Stanford Res. Inst. Report for the Dow Chemical Comapny, Midland, MI (1976)
2)@Sawada M., et al.: Mutation Res. , 187,157-163 (1987)

 (Additional Ref.)
1) Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), U.S. Natl Library of Medicine (1998)
œTop Page@iƒgƒbƒvƒy[ƒWj
œAbbreviation @iΘ—ͺ‹L†j@
œMutagenicity @i•ΟˆΩŒ΄«j
œTest Systems@(ŽŽŒ±–@‚ΜŽν—ށj
œTechnical Problems@i‹Zp“I–β‘θ“_j
œList of@Compoundsi‰»‡•¨ƒŠƒXƒgj
œEvaluation of Results@iŽŽŒ±Œ‹‰Κ‚Μ•]‰Ώj